City and Urbanization

Urbanization is a financial procedure by which an expanding extent of the number of inhabitants in a region gets packed into the towns and urban communities. The term is additionally characterized as the degree of populace fixation in urban territories. The proc ess of urbanization increments both the number and size of towns and urban communities. Urbanization is the most critical marvel of the twentieth century which has nearly influenced all parts of the national life in India. Being the second most crowded nation on the planet after China India's quickly developing urbaniza tion has a territorial just as world-ide impact.India's urban populace establishes a sizeable ace part of the world's urban populace. This can be very much certified from the way that each twelfth city occupant of the world and each seventh of the creating nations is the Indian. India has the same number of modest communities (populace 20,000-49,999) as in the United States the same number of as medium towns ( populace 50,000 †99,999) as in the previous Soviet Union; the same number of urban areas (populace 100,000-499,999) as in the United States; and the same number of cities (population+500,OOO) as in Australia, France and Brazil combined.India has a long radition of urbanization which has proceeded since the times of the Indus Valley human progress. As per a gauge the rate portion of urban populace to add up to popu lation was higher in the last piece of the seventeenth century in contrast with the last piece of the nineteenth century. The improvement of cabin ventures and tertiary air conditioning tivities during the medieval period helped in the development of around 3,200 towns and 120 urban areas in the nation around 1586 A. D. (Raza, M, 1985, p. 60).The harm to this indigenous modern structure during the imperialism gave a genuine hit to the procedure of urbanization. The underlying foundations of the current procedure of urbanization lie in Western model of plant ventures w hich began creating in the nation during the early piece of the twentieth century. Urbanization, in India, can be concentrated through Census information gave at a normal timespan years since 1881 onwards. These information help us in examining the patterns of development in the urban popula tion, decennial increment, and urbanization and number towns during the twentieth century.At the hour of the solid Census taken in 1881 the urban populace contributed 9. 3 percent of the all out populace of the nation. The development pattern was lazy and even negative in certain decades (1911-21) because of episode of pandemic (plague) and common cataclysms, pattern of moderate development in urbanization proceeded unto 1931. The decade 1931-41 saw around 32 penny development in the urban populace which increment' its offer in complete populace to 14. 1 percent. The development pattern was additionally quickened during the next decade which saw a decennial development of 41. 2 percent (Table 28 . II) Raising the rate offer to 14. 1 . Here restoration of exiles from Pakistan into urban areas assumed a huge job. During 1951-61 the development pattern as eased back down (26. 4 percent) which contributed negligible increment (percent) in the urbanization proportion. It was because of progress in the meaning of urban spots and declassification of 803 towns in 1961 Census. Since 1961 forward there has been steep ascent in the urban populace and urbanization proportion to arrive at its most noteworthy point during 1971-81 (decadal development being 46. 2 percent and expansion of record number of 900 new towns). This was the pinnacle point in the urban development of the nation during the twentieth century. The pattern ot development nas been marginally eased back down during 1981-91 (39. 32 percent) and 1991-2001 (31. 8 percent) which involves genuine examination by urban geographers and urban sociologists. Causes might be numerous folds including expanding contamination, diminis hing chances of work and liveli hood in urban regions and improvement of new wellsprings of occupation in provincial territories to lessen the progression of country migrants.Above portrayal drives us to reason that during the most recent 90 years of the twentieth century the quantity of towns has expanded by 144. 6 percent? urban populace by 140,23 percent, and urbaniza tion proportion by 133,6 percent. Industrialization con comitant with financial turn of events and rustic o urban movement has made critical commitment towards this remarkable development. Be that as it may, contrasted and created nations this pace of urbanization is still more slow. Wulker has properly seen that while in Western nations urbanization is growing towards rustic regions however in India country life is affecting the urban regions.

Shortfin Mako Shark essays

Shortfin Mako Shark papers The shortfin mako shark is the quickest fish on the planet. It is fit for accomplishing velocities of up to 60 mph. Its dull red iron-rich muscles on the sharks body and particularly on the tail empower the shark to swim at these velocities. The speed of the mako influences its physical qualities, its dietary patterns, and its predators. The normal size of the shortfin mako shark is from 10 to 12 feet furthermore, the biggest size at any point recorded was 18 feet. This fish weighs about 1,000 pounds. Its huge substantial conico-tube shaped molded body is shaded so that it mixes into the openwater condition making them undetectable to prey. Its back is a dark blue dim and its underparts are snow white. The nose of this shark is obtusely pointed; this encourages the shark to speed through the water. Its first dorsal balance, which is short beginnings behind the pectoral balances. This is strange contrasted with different sharks in the mako sharks family. The butt-centric balance is minuscule contrasted with the dorsal blade. The mako has long gill cuts and solid caudal keels. The upper and lower flaps of the caudal blade are of practically equivalent length. The mako has huge eyes and is thought of one of the most delightful basic sharks. The mako shark is discovered worldwide in mild and tropical oceans. It is found from the Gulf of Maine to the equator and is most thickly populated in the Gulf of Mexico. These sharks are pelagic, however they are once in a while discovered inshore. They move occasionally around 1,550 miles. In the late spring, mako sharks stay generally near the shore, around 20 miles out. In the winter they relocate into significantly more profound waters. They do this with the goal that they can be in water The Isurus oxyrinchus has a multi year propagation cycle. In spite of the fact that couple of have been seen mating, researchers accept that the male makos assault the females and power them to mate. They accept this ... <!

Plato’s account of philosophy Essay Example

Plato’s record of reasoning Paper Plato was conceived in Athens, in c. 427 B.C.E. During this period, Athens was engaged with a since quite a while ago drawn, asset escalated and awful war with Sparta, otherwise called the  Peloponnesian War. The scion of a noble parentage, Plato originated from a separated family. He was the child of Ariston plummeting from Codrus, one of the early lords of Athens and Perictione, dropping from Solon, the conspicuous reformer of the Athenian constitution, both of Athenian refined heritage.. Plato spent most of his life in Athens, with infrequent visits to Sicily and Southern Italy and according to one record, he additionally headed out to Egypt. Insights about the early piece of his life isn't known, yet he was positively special enough to get the best training Athens brought to the table to individuals of respectable heredity. Plato was a supporter of Socrates, whom he thought about the most learned man of his occasions. Plato’s relationship with Socrates was a defining mom ent in his life, as it affected an incredible course, theory and thinking. The convincing intensity of his contentions and strategies intrigued Plato and he turned into a nearby partner of Socrates. Socrates was among the most compelling researcher of his occasions and he was a pioneer who fretted about the investigation of only good and policy driven issues dissimilar to his peers who were increasingly distracted with cosmology and ontology.Considering his recognized starting points and the relationship with Socrates, he was normally bound to play a functioning job in political life. Plato sought to accept a critical situation in the political scene of Athens, yet he discovered his endeavors being reliably impeded. The disappointment is communicated by him in the self-portraying Seventh Letter, wherein he passes on his powerlessness to absorb himself with any of the ideological groups or the progressively degenerate systems of his time, all of which added to the destruction of Athe ns(324b-326a).Socrates’ execution on an unjustifiable charge of scandalousness had been overwhelmingly casted a ballot for(approved) by a popularity based  court with a vast lion's share in 399. This drove Plato to the end that every single existing government were defective and ruinous; and would keep on being along these lines, except if the rulers themselves became rationalists or except if the thinkers themselves increased political power.It was maybe a result of this conclusion that he withdrew to his Academy and to Sicily for actualizing his thoughts. Plato used his broad information and astuteness to the quest for governmental issues and the composition of catastrophe and different types of verse. He threefold visited Syracuse to grant a philosophical demeanor and line of thought to the overbearing rulers, yet his exertion demonstrated useless. The concise endeavor at conferring pragmatic intelligence having fizzled, he withdrew to Athens. His Academy was the foundat ion of learning for subjects as differing as Mathematics, talk, space science, arguments, and different subjects, all recognized as vital for the scholarly and philosophical improvement of understudies. The Academy end up being a significant base for progressive ages of Platonic rationalists until its last conclusion in C.E. 529. Some of Plato’s students later became pioneers, coaches, and established guides in Greek city-expresses, the most recognized among them being Aristotle. Plato kicked the bucket in c. 347 B.C.E.The focal point of this exploration paper is to lead a concise report on the philosophical standpoint of Plato to join an investigation of his best works and to outline the critical commitment made by him in the field of philosophy.Philosophical Tools  Plato is all the more notable for his compositions like the Republic, the Statesman, the Laws and a couple of shorter exchanges which are viewed as carefully political treatises,  and subsequently it tends t o be expressed that Plato was a practiced political logician of his occasions. Contrasted with Socrates, Plato was considerably more precise as a scholar and careful in his manners. He built up his own school of reasoning, the Academy; which turned into a significant wellspring of learning for the progressive age of researchers in Athens. In contrast to Socrates, Plato stretched out his territories of worry to incorporate the investigation of power and epistemology, as he tried to find a definitive constituents of reality.The presentation of the procedure of theoretical examination was started by Plato without precedent for the historical backdrop of Philosophy, as a way to explain an idea or its importance. As opposed to most different rationalists of his time, Plato thought about theoretical examination as a primer advance and not as an end in itself. He thought about basic assessment of convictions, the choosing of which one of the inconsistent thoughts is right and which one isn 't right as the subsequent advance and progressively significant advance. Plato considered dynamic about the political request on a similar platform of significance as the decision among harmony and war. This conviction depended on the conviction that general society isn't the most appropriate or full grown enough to show up at the right choice, as it is equipped for knowledge just looking back, for the most part after the event of heartbreaking encounters. In his political way of thinking, the explanation of ideas is therefore a starter step in assessing convictions, and right convictions thusly lead to a response to the subject of the best political request. This slow movement from the phases of applied investigation, trailed by a basic evaluation of convictions, to the best political request is exhibited in the compositions of his book ‘The Republic’.The generally eminent and extraordinary case of Plato’s develop ways of thinking  appears in The Republic, wh ich is an all-encompassing contention for the most essential about the  conduct of human life. Plato uses discourse with an anecdotal character ‘Socrates’ and continues to look at the nature and estimation of equity and different ideals as they occurâ in everyday life, both from the point of view of human culture and in the character of a person. This conversation from that point prompts a top to bottom evaluation of the different parts of human instinct, the accomplishment of information, the capacity to recognize substance and appearance and the fundamental structure of profound quality. Because of the various scope of issues it addresses, the book can be perused from a few alternate points of view: as a political treatise, or a book on the lead of life, as an investigation of society and the connection of society with that of an individual, a comprehensive examination on theâ fundamental supernatural and epistemological issues or as an instructive handbook.Just ice as Defined in The republicâ â â â The principal segment of the Republic is a conversation on the idea of equity and the point of the conversation is to show up at the certified meaning of the subject, through a procedure which includes the proposition, analysis, and dismissal of a few lacking endeavors at characterizing equity. Since Justice is the most essential moral and political ideas, it fuses singular goodness, the request for society, and individual rights which may repudiate the interests of the general public. Four meanings of equity are propounded; every one of them are talked about intricately and afterward disposed of as not being entirely reliable with the fundamental premises, and due toâ the related variable components.  Thus the principal area of the book crashes and burns with all the members in understanding that the idea of equity isn't as effectively defiened as it appeared to be because of the irregularities associated with prominent sentiments of e quity. the e This pessimistic result can be viewed as a semantic and philosophical therapy.The reportive meanings of equity as comprehended by us from its utilization in day by day life serves to give a halfway comprehension of its importance, yet the all encompassing definition keeps on being subtle without genuine correspondences among individuals and a reasonable lucidity on convictions. A definition that is simply discretionary or either excessively limited or excessively wide, in view of a deception about equity, doesn't give the chance of correspondence. Non-romantic discoursed are articulations of a definitive correspondence that can happen among people; and genuine correspondence is probably going to occur just if people can share implications of the words they use. Correspondence dependent on deceptions, for example, explanations of philosophy, is as yet conceivable, yet appears to be constrained, partitioning individuals into groups, and, as history shows us, can at long l ast lead just to disarray. Thusly, in the Republic, just as in other Platonic exchanges, there is a connection between applied investigation and basic assessment of convictions. The focal point of the second piece of Book I is no longer explanation of ideas, however assessment of beliefs.In Platonic exchanges, as opposed to mentioning to them what they need to think, Socrates is frequently getting his questioners to mention to him what they think. In the fifth and fourth century B.C.E., the skeptics were paid educators of talk and other down to earth aptitudes, generally non-Athenians, offering courses of guidance and professing to be best able to plan youngsters for accomplishment in open life. Plato portrays the skeptics as nomad people, known for their expository capacities, who dismiss strict convictions and customary ethical quality, and he stands out them from Socrates, who as an instructor would decline to acknowledge installment and as opposed to training abilities would sub scribe to an unbiased investigation into what is valid. One of the members in the conversations, Thrasymachus presents a distrustful and negativist meaning of equity which expresses that equity is certainly not an all around relevant virtue yet an idea used as an apparatus by the prevailing gathering in the general public; and that since it proves to be useful for the predominant gathering to smother a dominant part of individuals, it is their selective intrigue and that it is has dif

South Africa Essays (2318 words) - Provinces Of South Africa

South Africa South Africa South Africa is the southernmost piece of the mainland of Africa. It is one of the world's most established and stable landmasses. This is the reason there are no collapsed mountain ranges. The main mountain runs that are like that sort of range, would be those in the southern tip. This is the place the north-south ranges meet an east-west range in the Paarl territory. The remainder of the nation has been marginally hollowed with the goal that inside lakes like the Okovango Delta have no outlet to the ocean. The vast majority of the nation is at a height of 3,000 to 6,500 feet above ocean level. South Africa lies north of 35 S scope and is encircled on three sides by the Indian and Atlantic seas. Two huge high-pressure regions control the climate in South Africa brought over by both of the seas, in the winter a belt of sorrows moves northward to carry rains toward the south. Throughout the late spring soggy tropical air masses relocate southward, bringing regular rainstorms. There are very few waterways in South Africa, and those couple of are not traversable. The unusual precipitation makes dry season in the regions an exceptionally basic issue. The towns and urban communities can't rely upon a reliable wellspring of water for the year. Water supplies for both the town and the nation must be all around arranged, so there is no dry season. Wells are normally the hotspot for water system and general water flexibly in the open country, anyway the urban and industrialized zones need the utilization of dams. On the significant streams of South Africa it is anything but difficult to see a significant number of the in addition to 360 dams that have been fabricated. These are handily found on the Orange, Vaal, Limpopo, and the Tugela streams. A significant number of the dams give hydroelectric capacity to the national power matrix. Situated on the upper Orange River are two of the biggest dams in South Africa. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was created to gracefully water to the Transvaal mechanical zone by mid 1990's. Despite the fact that there are a rich measure of dams in the nation, the populaces of both city and town must endure irregular water apportioning. Notwithstanding the measure of land that South Africa includes, shockingly just 15% of the land is arable. All things being equal, South Africa trades any of its yields including wine, natural products, vegetables, corn, and pure sweetener. Dairy and meat steers are brought up in a wide range of regions, including sheep and Angora goats to give fleece and mohair. Regular vegetation has been changed enormously through overgrazing, occasional consuming, and presenting new species. Subtropical backwoods supported by spring and summer downpours have been uprooted by prairies, fascinating trees; east of the Drakensburg ledge. Just a single region of the Southern cape has a lasting precipitation, the Knysna and George locale. This precipitation has a genuine hardwood calm woodland in which the species, for example, stinkwood, sneezewood, yellowwood, and ironwood endure. More remote westbound, the regular tree life blurs and the lush upland, also called the Highveld, wins. As one voyages fu rther west the precipitation diminishes and the thistle tree nation starts. Meager grasses and scantily secured zones become increasingly predominant. These zones are generally called the Kalahari Desert and the uncovered Namib desert. The Western Cape territory has a Mediterranean sort of atmosphere, alluded to as a late spring dry atmosphere. The vegetation is seen as shrubby with waxy leaves, and pine and oak trees. Northwest of this district are low clean, desert flora, and aloes. These plants command the territories of Little and Great Karroo. It is very evident that the zones change especially by every mile on account of the insecure measure of precipitation, and South Africa's atmosphere. Gold mining produces as side-effect called uraninite. This item is then changed over into uranium oxide for neighborhood use and fare. Jewel quality and modern precious stones are both mined in enormous amounts and sold on world markets. Noteworthy stores of iron mineral are dug for neighborhood use and fare. Unfathomable stores of bituminous coal are abused for thermo-electric force and for overall fare. There is a particular atomic force plant at Koeburg that provisions the west with electric force, since this zone is extremely distant from the coalfields. South Africa has

The Details

The Details Daily life is overwhelming: each day we are faced with an unforgiving barrage of in-your-face advertisements, with “calls to action,” and with half-a-million bits of unsolicited data. Amongst this information avalanche, it’s difficult to discern which details are relevant and which are not. It is, however, the details that make life interesting, exciting, and, most of all, memorable. The details are important; both God and the devil reside there. Without life’s myriad particulars, our lives lack varietyâ€"and without variety, we quickly get bored out of our skulls. To illustrate: Last year’s Misfit Con was, without doubt, the best conference I’ve attended (and I’ve attended scores). It wasn’t special because of an expensive light show, some brand new technology, or even because I spoke thereâ€"it was special because of its intentionality and the overwhelming attention paid to the small things. AJ and Melissa Leon, Misfit’s founders, focused fervently on the details: they didn’t hold the event in your typical conference-type location, like New York or California, opting instead for Fargo, North Dakota, a city surprisingly erumpent with creativity. AJ and Melissa involved the local community, too, intertwining neighborhood artists, musicians, and writers into the proceedings. And they didn’t attempt to “scale-up” the affair, opting instead for handcrafted everything, from the surprise venues and full-time onsite barista, to the custom artwork on the walls and bright flowers hanging overhead like vibrant stalactites. They even curated not just the event’s guest speakers, but also the audience, deciding to limit the number of attendees to fewer than 150, requiring an approved application to attend (hundreds of people from all over the world applied, only a fraction were accepted). The whole thing was, in a word, unforgettable. In fact, every memory we holdâ€"good or badâ€"is comprised of absorptive details. We remember outstanding conferences like Misfit because people like AJ and Melissa are obsessed with getting the details right: the handcraftedness, the personal touch, the careful curation. Conversely, we remember a restaurant’s terrible service because of the little things they got wrong: the overcooked meat, the apathetic waiter, the crumbs on the table. Without the details, though, the experience is neither good nor bad: it is transactional. No one ever remembers the transactionâ€"transactions are banal by nature. Get bogged down with too many details, and life quickly becomes overwhelming, unbearableâ€"vanquished with sensory overload. It is our job to distinguish the 2% of the details that are important from the unimportant 98%. This is a lesson I teach in my online writing class: a great story highlights the essential 2% by eliminating the superfluous 98%. Only then does the story become interesting, only then is the reader absorbed into something more meaningful. This was true for the Misfit Con: it was remarkable not only because of the attention to detail, but because of the deliberate attention to meaningful details. The same holds true for any well-curated life: of those half a million daily inputs, the key is to highlight the few dozen that are actually importantâ€"the details that add value to our lives. Often, the best way to do so is to start eliminatingâ€"to get rid of the excess that makes life opaque so that everything worthwhile shines through. The details are direly importantâ€"being obsessed with the right details is even more important. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Divorces Impact on Preschool, School-Aged and Adolescent Children - Free Essay Example

The emotional and sociological development of a child is highly affected by the dynamics of their family. If the child has a strong support system, the possibilities are higher for that child to develop into a well balanced adult. The childs growth process is affected if the child lacks a strong support system. Death and divorce are two traumatic events in the childs life that impact them emotional and sociological. Divorce is a situation that is damaging to childs mental state, because this is an ongoing act of event. This devastating event puts a lot of strain on the child emotionally. In America, there is one divorce approximately every 36 seconds*. Thats nearly 2,400 divorces per day, 16,800 divorces per week and 876,000 divorces a year. The average length of a marriage that ends in divorce is eight years. People wait an average of three years after a divorce to remarry (if they remarry at all).Oct 30, 2012 Step that can be taken that can minimize the numbers of divorce. The number one key is communication. Communication is the solid foundation to any marriage, if one doesnt know whats the problem how can it ever be fix with out communication. One partner relating to the other partner any concerns or issues that effect the marriage. When most people get married they get comfortable and they stop doing what it took to get married, such as intimacy, cooking cleaning, being polite, caring, complimenting, flirting and etc. As an old saying say. What it took to get them you have to do that and more to keep them. A great marriage is being able to be best friends along with passion and being able to understand the needs of each other even in distress and rage. Can divorce really be minimize, of course it can people just dont have the access to the proper help such as marriage counseling that can help them in the areas needed in order to help the marriage work. There are other resources such as pastors and seeking spiritual counseling. HELPING THE CHILD COPE As indicated by (Velez, Wolchik, Tein and Sandler, 2011) preschool age kids reactions and comprehends separate from not the same as adolescents. Contingent upon the age, youngsters have distinctive vision of their folks division. Because of high rates of separation, non conjugal childbearing, living together, and remarriage, an expanding number of American youngsters are encountering various family changes, alongside new child rearing figures, as they grow up (King, 2009). Offspring of pre-school age see themselves more engaged with the associations with their mom than with the father, on the grounds that a tyke invests the majority of his energy with the mother, while the father is just irregularly engaged with the procedure of training and kid mind. Because of the way that after a separation the genuine association of the youngster with one of the guardians is significantly lessened, his associations with co-custodial parent (and by and large the mother) are especially imperative t o him. As mother normally turns into the most noteworthy individual for the tyke after the separation, he acknowledges her with incredible friendship, while the state of mind of the father is for the most part negative. Separation and School Age Children As indicated by (Gladding, ( 2005) offspring of school age respond to nonverbal correspondence and restoration preparing. The offspring of school age acknowledge the separation procedure more troublesome than the offspring of pre-school age. The thing is that the offspring of more youthful age acknowledge the negative occasions throughout their life on the level of feelings, while the senior oneson the level of mental investigation. The offspring of school age can better notice the negative sides of life of their folks that is the reason the procedure of separation is exceptionally difficult for them. The offspring of school age frequently have a solid feeling of blame and self-dishonor, encountering sentiments of outrage and disdain after their folks separation. They feel relinquished, angry, furious with their folks and embarrassed about the family issues. That is the reason the parents separation for the offspring of school age is an awesome mental and enthusiastic pressure, which can cause genuine mental issues in future. As indicated by (Amato and Keith, (1991) separations can create change to lives that shape a tykes formative. Separation can deliver an air with little control of kids following separation issues (Kali and Cavanaugh, 2013). It is essential for guardians to be consistence and make a structure situation. Immature youngsters in the time of their parents separation firmly encounter a sentiment deserting. They are torn between two sides: mother and father. Juvenile youngsters in the family with one parent turns out to be more reliant on the side, with whom he remains, which prompts the loss of the psychosexual introduction, moving far from the standard sexual orientation parts, and makes disarray in his thoughts regarding the place of people in the family and life when all is said in done. As per (Stohschein, (2005) offspring of separations may encounter issue, for example, tension, enthusiastic maladjustment, and despondency. The present society otherworldly direction may diminish the level of separations and help kids to defeat this period all the more effortlessly is an expert mental help. Individuals would prefer regularly not to take a shot at the connections and break them as opposed to making endeavor to battle with the challenges they confronted. Being an expert instructor, he or she would furnish the two sides with the writing, which would alter their opinion concerning the procedure of separation and influenced them, to consider it as a guide of how to spare the family and their youngsters emotions. As indicated by King, (2009) youngsters and moms holding diminish if the mother lives with someone else, however isnt influenced in the event that she remarries. In conclusion the children are the ones, who dont bear obligation regarding individuals activities and wrong decision. Therefore, guardians must do their best so as to spare them from strife circumstances and inconveniences emerging in the family.

The Protestant Break Leo X 1513-21 - 1605 Words

This resumà © will detail a single chapter of Barbara Tuchman’s work The March of Folly, which is â€Å"The Protestant Break: Leo X 1513-21.† The topic of Tuchman’s discussion in the chapter is the nature of Leo X’s reign as the pope and the effect that it had on history. Following the examination of other renaissance papacies in previous chapters, Tuchman continues a study of how the era’s popes provoked the Protestant secession. â€Å"The Protestant Break: Leo X 1513-21† is a salient chapter, however, in that it is during Leo X’s reign that Martin Luther nails his 95 theses to the church door and indirectly launches the Reformation. Tuchman’s main argument in the chapter is that the worldly and extravagant nature of Leo X’s papacy failed to prevent, and rather was complicit in, the sparking and proliferation of the Protestant Reformation. It is important to note that Tuchman accurately states it was not Leo’s ti me as pope alone which caused the reformation, it simply exacerbated existing discontent and provided a rallying revolt. The supporting arguments are broken into two subsections of the chapter. Tuchman first generally shows that Leo X was a hedonist far removed from the supposed holiness of his position, and that his fervent spending frequently required him to turn to unscrupulous methods of paying his debts. Thus, there was a growing massive pressure for reform. Secondly, Tuchman argues that indulgences specifically are to blame for provoking open revolt. Friar Tetzel’sShow MoreRelatedEssay about Renaissance Figures2969 Words   |  12 Pageswound, and the plot collapsed. In spite of the attacks of Girolamo Savonarola, Lorenzo allowed him to continue preaching. Lorenzos historical significance was being a patron of Bottielli and Michaelangelo. His second son later became pope as Leo X. ? Henry VIII lived from 1491--1547, and he reigned from 1509--1547. He married his brother Arthurs widow, Katharine of Arogon, who bore him a daughter, MARY I. His chief minister, Thomas Wolsey, concluded an alliance with Francis I of FranceRead MoreHenry Viii and the English Reformation4950 Words   |  20 Pagesresult of a state policy driven by Henry VIII? It is indeed simplistic to consider Henry VIII as the sole reason for the English Reformation. According to A.G. Dickens, the movement towards reformation began before the actions that lead to the official break from the Roman Catholicism. Henry VIII’s desire for a male heir drove his desire for separation. This fact coupled with the political, religious, and social factors of the day converged resulting in what became the English Reformation. Haigh states

How Current Project Teams Within The Organization Can Work...

Introduction This briefing paper will address the question of how current project teams within the organization can work more collaboratively and effectively. Due to the number of recent failed projects, the organization is currently looking into how project teams are set up and managed. The issue, given the circumstances, revolves around how to equip managers, team leaders, and members with the skills and support to progress from project teams to high performing project teams in order to deliver the much-needed results in their respective units. This is an interesting issue in light of the fact several departments already have teams set up to carry out special projects without any formal process or best practice in place. This brief†¦show more content†¦In many cases these individuals have their own ideas, goals and objectives oftentimes rendering it a challenge to get everyone on one accord. So how can they work together effectively to drive favorable results? Both the team leader and the team members have very important roles in ensuring the effectiveness of the team. These teams, while carefully built and very effective in what they do, require constant leadership attention. This perhaps is the most important issue that could affect a high performing team. A weak leader, who is unable to set good examples or enforce good behavior and or performance accountability, could ultimately result in a broad range of team performance issues. A high performing team requires a leader who communicates clear visions and goals, motivates team members, and capitalizes on each individual’s strengths. However leading a project team comes with its own issues. These could include among others: a) dealing with diversity in the group b) ensuring quality project performance c) communicating and managing virtual teams d) setting clear goals and ensuring clear communicating with the team e) resolving conflict within the team f) staying on top of group d eadlines and g) keeping team members motivated. Effective team members are willing to communicate respectfully and effectively with others. In

Nutrition And Motivational Interviewing The Health And...

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The Link Between Health, Social Divisions, Economic...

PART 2: THE LINK BETWEEN HEALTH, SOCIAL DIVISIONS, ECONOMIC DISPARITIES, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. The aim of this essay is to identify the definition of health and how an individual or groups health can be affected by various socio-economic and psychological factors. Firstly, the essay will define the concept of health explore each factor individually. Then it will examine the evidence that support the link between these factors and their impact on health. Finally, the essay will explore personal observations that support these findings. The World Health Organization defines health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† a definition that has not been amended since 1948 (World Health Organization, 2003). This definition has been further supported by the shift from a biomedical model to a biopsychosocial model which considers the social, psychological and behavioural dimensions of illness (Engel, 1977). These dimensions interact and affect each other and have an impact on health. A report on England from the Office for National Statistics shows that, despite 67 years of the NHS, there remain marked differences in all parameters of health across the social classes. The report found that men and women in deprived areas have a 9.2 years and 6.8 years shorter life expectancy, respectively, than those living in less deprived areas. They also spend less of their life inShow MoreRelatedHealth and Social Class Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesThe aim of this essay is to examine the influence that socio-economic status has on an individual’s health. â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 1948.) 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Macbeth-Struggle for Power Free Essays

It is indeed evident that the play, Macbeth is ultimately about the struggle for power. Power is something many desire where people often change and become evil in their attempts to acquire it and during this play the characters go through many changes which lead to disaster. The two main characters mostly influenced by power in this Shakespearean play are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth-Struggle for Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Macbeth is swayed by the prophecy made by the witches and also by Lady Macbeth who holds great control over her husband. Through the analysis of characters and techniques it can be seen that the desire of gaining power is evident in the play, Macbeth and that the characters stop at nothing to achieve their goals. Although the protagonist gains power there is still a constant thirst for more, to better their position one step further, even if it comes at the expense of a life. Macbeth becomes fixated on rising to the throne in place of King Duncan however; just recently, he has been given the title of thane of Cawdor by the king. Although happy with the new title and new power, Macbeth still craves for the role held by the king. The importance of honor in society is a primary theme as it is what provokes Macbeth to kill for kingship and sends him on a dismal journey towards the throne. â€Å"If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me without my stir†. (ACT I scene 3, lines 143-145) This demonstrates the ideology that Macbeth is not satisfied with just being a thane but has now heard the prophecy and is seduced by the thought of gaining more power. He hastily makes the decision to Kill Duncan with the influence of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth’s struggle for power starts the moment she appears in the play where she finds the letter and launches into criticizing Macbeth’s manhood. â€Å"It is too full of o’ th’ milk of human kindness†. This metaphoric language mirrors the domineering character of Lady Macbeth where she accuses him of being too gentle to kill King Duncan. She believes this so much that she calls on evil spirits to remove Macbeth’s kind nature. â€Å"Hie thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valor of my tongue all that impedes thee from the golden round, which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowned withal. (Act 1 Scene 5, lines 23-28) Denoting that she is willing to cast out all that is righteous and dignified about her husband in efforts to gain power. She doesn’t hesitate to execute the plan of murdering King Duncan because she believes the prophecy is true and that destiny is on her side. In search of power, the characters change and descend into a compulsive state which leads to disaster. As Macbeth falls deeper into this obsession with the throne he becomes a more dishonest and cunning character. â€Å"Who’s there? A friend†. ACT II scene 1, lines 11-12). This use of irony depicts the deceitful nature of Macbeth as he descends into madness. Banquo is a very loyal general to the King and he will not be tempted by Macbeth into betraying him. Macbeth is certainly no friend to Banquo, his murderous quest to kill Duncan contradicts Banquo’s morals and judgment. â€Å"Upon this bank and shoal of time we’d jump the life to come† (ACT I scene 7, lines 6-7). This metaphor exemplifies the idea that this shallow or narrow ford of human life in this great river of eternity. Shakespeare has creatively used symbolism through metaphoric language to demonstrate how a narrow river being cut off and dried up is Macbeth killing Duncan. He will be overthrowing the natural order of the heir to the throne and setting his place in eternity. Evidently he must kill King Duncan in this short period of time while he is still vulnerable in his castle. The effect of ambition on Macbeth drives him into his contemptible acts in order to assume the throne. He falls into a deep obsession which consumes his rational thought and he becomes very evil and conniving. Is this the dagger which I see before me, the handle towards my hand? † (ACT II scene 1, line 33-34) This foreshadowing illustrates the subconscious thoughts of Macbeth and how they materialize in front of him. He starts to visualize this dagger, predicting the malicious tasks ahead which add the disturbing atmosphere. Macbeth chooses to abuse his power over others and he becomes a hated king. This is caused not only by his cruelty but also the many superstitions by people who think he killed Duncan which greatly depleted his power. Lady Macbeth is quick to become evil in her ways as she is the mastermind behind the killing of Duncan. He that’s coming must be provided for, and you shall put this night’s great business into my dispatch† (ACT I scene 6, lines 64-66). These heartless puns convey Lady Macbeth’s merciless intentions for the night’s gathering. Being provided for often takes on the meaning of being fed but in this case Lady Macbeth is referring to the death of King Duncan. Putting the night’s business into her dispatch appears to be something along the lines of carrying out the welcome of the guests and of course she is indicating that Macbeth must follow her instruction in order to kill King Duncan. Ultimately it is evident that Macbeth is about the struggle for power where once you have gained a certain power you still yearn more, establishing a constant desire. When the characters are in search of power they become obsessive and this causes them to change and become evil. Therefore it can be seen that the importance and desire for power greatly contributes to the outcome of the play and the fate of the characters. How to cite Macbeth-Struggle for Power, Essay examples

Applications of Laser free essay sample

Defense A Laser Range Finder is an example of an application in the defense system of a country. To knock down an enemy tank, it is necessary to range it very accurately. Because of its high intensity and very low divergence even after travelling quite a few kilometers, laser is ideally suited for this purpose. The laser range finders using neodymium and carbon dioxide lasers have become a standard item for artillery and tanks. These laser range finders are light weight and have higher reliability and superior range accuracy as compared to the conventional range finders. The laser range finder works on the principle of a radar. Diagram of a laser range finder. Application 2 : Civil Laser cutting is an example of a civil activity. Continuous wave lasers like carbon dioxide gas lasers are extensively used for cutting a wide range of materials, such as graphite, diamond, tungsten, carbide, all metallic foils, ceramics, sapphire, and ferrite. We will write a custom essay sample on Applications of Laser or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most cases, continuous cutting is carried out with assist gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, or air, which produces both mechanical and chemical action intensifying the thermal effects. This gas-assisted cutting is applicable to the metals of thickness up to 5 mm with cut-widths down to 30 Â µm. The most promising field of laser cutting is the cutting of steels of small thickness (several millimeters) and also of non-metallic materials. Use of laser cutters in the garment industry, a new and very useful application of the lasers, has been introduced recently in the developed countries. With the aid of computers, lasers can cut clothing many times faster than the tailors using old techniques. It is now possible to slice the through several layers of thick cloth accurately and in a short time using a laser cutter. The laser system also consists of a computer, programmed with cutting instructions and patterns for various to garments. The laser beam, focused on the material cuts through the fabric, leaving impeccably smooth edges. Application 3 : :Miscellaneous Laser Printing is a common usage of laser in miscellaneous. For the last few years, there has been tremendous increase in the use of computers as an aid to the management, processing and dissemination of information. The use of computers in generating bank statements, insurance, telephone and electricity bills as well as publicity brochures advertising mass-produced goods are typical examples of this development. The peripheral device required by the computer for all these applications is the printer. Today, use of computers in large data processing installations places very high demand on printers as regards its speed, character flexibility, and print quality. The conventional impact printers can no longer meet these demands because of their limited speed and character flexibility. In the new generation printers, printing method is based on the principle of electro photography. Since the light source in such printers is a laser, these devices are called laser printers. Internal diagram of a laser printer. Application 4 : Medical Field Lasers are extensively used in medicine and surgery. The first practical application was in eye surgery, where laser was used to weld detached retina and photocoagulate the blood vessels that grow into the region in front of the retina, thereby blocking vision. The laser beam easily passes through transparent portions of the eye, including Cornea and lens to the region of its intended use where its energy is absorbed for treatment. Retina is a sensitive membrane inside the eyeball. Its detachment from the surrounding choroid coat initiates due to a hole in the retina caused by an injury or degenerative changes during the old age. This makes the thick fluid vitreous humour seep and fill itself between the retina and chord oat. The pressure between the retina and choroid coating damages the retina which soon gets detached from the optic nerve at the back of the to cause blindness.

Humanities Arts and Natural Objects Essay Example For Students

Humanities: Arts and Natural Objects Essay The chair youre sitting in, the clothes youre wearing, the building youre in, or your home, even the time Of day Which people created, all re representative of someones humanity their human-news. In other words, everything that human beings have created can be classified as part of the humanities. 2. Misconceptions on the term Humanities: It should not be confused with the terms: 2. 1. Humanism specific philosophical belief 2. 2. Humanitarianism concern for charitable works. 3, Humanities: Art and Science 3. 1, 3. 2. 3. 3. 4. Art: Skills (Greek techno or technical) Science: Involves a process. Social Science: Man as the focus. Art is the subject matter, but art is created by man for man, Humanities vs.. Philosophy Comparison: Humanities: Man is the source and mountain of all creativity. (Creating Subject) Philosophy: Man is the starting point of knowledge (Inquiring Subject) Contrast: Humanities: Explicit understanding of artworks extensions of his being (man). Philosophy: Implicit understanding of himself as composed of body and soul. Why Study Humanities? I. Through Humanities, we can be connected to places we have not visited, understand the past or history which has significance to the present. It makes LISP encounter great minds and hearts Of human history. 2. Through Humanities, we will be studying what humans have found valuable or good throughout the time. . Through Humanities, we experience connection between culture and community through different art exposures museum visits, concerts, theater performance, and support of local artists. 4. Through Humanities, we increase our respect for cultural and individual differences through a knowledge of achievements and of world civilization. 5. Through Humanities, we gain a global perspective through the knowledge of world cultures. . Through Humanities, we will be able to build up your career, focus our life, minimize frustration, and most importantly, be able to work as part of an effective team. Lecture 2 OVERVIEW ON THE ARTS 1. Art: Concept or Fact? Art is either a concept or a fact. As a concept, it is subject to be understood and be grasped by any perceiver. Furthermore, it cannot be defined because it springs from the ideas and emotions Of man concreted by means Of any sensuous material. But, art as a fact is observable; is that which is known through the senses. It refers then to any creative work Of an artist that can easily be described upon noticing the different mediums being used and the context in which it is produced. 2. Art and Experience All art demands experience. There can be no appreciation of art without experience. An experience is something that affects your life. Persons Affected by Art Experience: 1. The person of the artist. 2. The person of the percipient. Characteristics of Experience: 1. It must be personal and individual. It must not exactly be the same as that of any other person. 2. Experience is accompanied by emotion or emotional reaction. You like it or you do not like it. 3. Artist vs.. Craftsman The word art originally meant skill, ability, or craft (corresponding to the Greek techno from which we derive the words like technical and technique). In the ancient world, a work to art was simply any object that required skill or craft in its production, Only gradually, beginning about the middle of the 17th century, did work of art mean a work of fine or high art. The artisan or the craftsman is not expected to be original and he is good at his job to the extent that he can successfully follow the relevant rules. A work of a craft is good if it matches the appropriate template and performs the desired function. The artist must be creative and original. Good art cannot be produced by slavish-rule following and imitation. Great artists are genius vouches works ransacked the rules and conventions of their time. 4. The use of Natural Objects in Works Of Art There are Some artists Who Would use the natural objects as they are without changing them in levying or carrying their art work. Take for example, 3 landscape. Artists charged With the task Of landscaping would have to use the stones and other natural materials without even deforming their shape, form and organization. This is the principle Of Nan-transformation. Under the principle of Transformation, the artists have the necessarily alter the natural objects in carrying their art work because by so doing the idea of he artist, the purpose of the art, and the circumstances surrounding the art can properly be served, 5, General Classes of Artifacts The three general classes to artifacts include the following: 1. Practically useful, but not disinterestedly pleasing (subjectively pleasing) 2. Both practically useful and disinterestedly pleasing (not subjectively pleasing); and 3. Not practically useful, but disinterestedly pleasing (not subjectively pleasing). The works of art, most of the times, fall under the third class. Disinterested not determined by any personal or subjective interest. We take pleasure in something because we judge it beautiful in itself, rather than judging it beautiful because we find it pleasurable. Lab creates human embryos for stem cell research EssayWe have all animal urges and appetites. We seek food and drink, comfort and warmth, and the satisfaction of all the other animal impulses, But we should seek to find a balance in our lives between what is of the flesh and what is of the spirit. It is the very essence of man that they are artists, are makers of things necessary to live a life in which the needs of the bodily life are satisfied at one ND the needs of the spiritual at the Other. Art satisfies our bodily desires, needs and pleasures, but man does not live on bread alone (that which is material; changeable and transitory). This alone is not enough. Man still hankers or looks for spiritual aspect of art that which is of beauty, unity and order (those Which are considered as absolute realities in Plats philosophy; something unchangeable and permanent). 4. Man as an artist is reckoned in the evidence of history that there has never been a time when men and women have not been artists. That this is no new development in human nature is evidenced by the eve paintings of our very early ancestors, who, working in the very intractable material of their cave walls produced lively representations of the art. 5. Through art, man might be able to understand himself, express his own passions and desires, communicate with others; appreciate and acknowledge the kindness of others, and build a world or a society that is so pleasurable and enjoyable to live in. Functions of the Art l. The personal functions of art (art and the individual) are the most difficult to explain in any great detail. There are many theme, and they vary from person to person, We will limit to the following: l. Order ? it gives order to a messy and disorderly personal world. 2. Chaotic it gives chaos or disorder when the artist feels life is too boring, staid and ordinary. . Therapeutic for both the artist and the viewer. For example, the choice of music for hospitals, mentally disturbed patients, massage parlors. 4 Religious and Spiritual 5. Biological ways to adorn and decorate ourselves in order to be attractive enough to others, 5 2. Art has social functions (art and society) when it addresses aspects of (collective) life, as opposed to one persons point of view or experience. Art performs social function When: I. Influencing Social Behavior (Collective Behavior). Many works of art influence the way we think, feel or act. It may cause us to laugh, arouse indignation, or as a source in changing, correcting, improving the human condition or shaping the society (social change). 2. Display and Celebration Sculpture and painting are commemoration of personages in society. The statues of national heroes that grace our parks and plazas. Rituals have played an important role in peoples lives and have influenced the growth of certain arts as well. Festivals involve rituals of some kind, and these in turn, employ arts. Examples: Issuing in Zebu, Memories Festival in Martinique, Tat-titian in Kaolin and Adding in Align. . Social Description Artwork reveal how people thought, felt, and lived in certain historical period. For example, the painting that portrays the many people one in planting or harvesting rice, describes the value of unity, camaraderie and banning spirit among Filipinos. 3. The physical functions of art are most easily dealt with. Works of art that are created to perform some service have phy sical functions. Form and Function The function of an object generally determines the basic form that it takes, A chair is so designed as to allow the seated body to rest comfortable on it. Its different parts (back, arms, legs and seat) are harmoniously related to one another and integrated into an object that fulfills its particular purpose. In architecture, the design of a building is determined primarily by its operational function. A place of worship requires a big hall for the congregation to gather in; a school should serve a number Of students. These considerations determine the height Of the building, the umber of floors, the sizes and shapes of classrooms, the location of doors and Windows, the traffic patterns and the location Of facilities. In community planning (more than a group of buildings), planning should be done to avoid overcrowded areas which have brought about many social problems ranging from health to criminality. It takes into consideration the assignment of areas (residential, industrial, and commercial) for proper land use. This planning involves the efficient organization of buildings, roads and spaces so that they meet the physical and aesthetic needs of the community. As marketing tool, advertising serves several functions. It identifies products and differentiates it from others.

Essay Samples For UIUC - Writing Excellent Essays

Essay Samples For UIUC - Writing Excellent EssaysEssay samples for UIUC have the greatest demand today because students are now forced to write their assignments on time and in quality. This means that they have to carefully choose the kind of essay to write according to the assignment's subject and topic. As a result, essays that are not used on assignment have a tendency to loose their quality. Fortunately, you do not have to learn on how to write for essays because there are many resources on the internet that will provide you with all the information that you need about writing a paper.It is a good idea to take courses or workshops offered by teachers who offer one-on-one support for essay writing. It is a good idea to also get advice from faculty members during tutorials and in seminars. Your professor or other teacher can give you practice essays and you can get tips on what will work best for your assignment. This way, you can practice writing your essay on different topics an d even get some feedback. This way, you will know what works best for you to increase your level of confidence and when to use certain techniques.There are also websites and magazines where you can find essay samples for UIUC. It is a good idea to take advantage of these resources as well because they offer you tips and strategies on how to write a better essay. They are just a click away and you will be able to download sample essays and quizzes so that you can try them out before your actual assignment. It is a good idea to take advantage of this kind of resource since they have many good essay samples that will help you improve your level of performance in terms of essay writing.To help you write a great essay, it is also a good idea to look at various essay samples for UIUC. You can get some help from students who are studying to become professors so that you will have some knowledge and experience in doing research and analysis. The more you study the subject matter, the more y ou will know how to write a good essay.When you find a topic for your essay, it is a good idea to start writing about it for at least an hour each day. This will allow you to expand your knowledge on the topic and even get ideas for your essays. It is important to write enough so that you will not feel like writing but will still be able to complete your assignment.It is also a good idea to list down your goals and objectives for the assignment. This will help you keep track of your progress. The assignment should be something that you are passionate about. This means that it should be something that you will want to do after completing the assignment. This is the best way to make sure that your essay is something that you will enjoy doing.There are many essay samples for UIUC that you can look at so it is important to consider other resources. You should be able to find a topic that you are interested in so that you will not get discouraged in doing your assignment. A variety of to pics can help you narrow down your focus and get to write an essay that is interesting and valuable to your classmates and instructors.If you have all the necessary materials and resources, essay samples for UIUC are the best resources that you can use. You will be able to gain from them and be able to get a lot of knowledge and experience in essay writing and can do so in a lot of time.

Manets Le Dejuner sur Lherbe and Bouguereaus Nymphs and Satyr

Édouard Manet and William-Adolphe Bouguereau are two famous 19th century French painters. They are widely famous for their painting techniques and influence that they had on the future generation of impressionist painters, such as Pablo Picasso. Édouard Manet and William-Adolphe Bouguereau were highly criticized for the subjects matters and painting manners that they used in their most famous pictures that we are going to compare and contrast in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first picture is Edouard Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe created in 1863 and William-Adolphe Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr painted in 1873. Those pictures were created during the same era; however, they present different artistic movements. Manet’s picture presents the tran sition from realism to impressionist demonstrating a modern life subjects. As opposed to the Le Dejuner sur L’herbe, Adolphe Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr appeared just one year before the first impressionist exhibition was held; the painting represented the traditions of the academic art and, at the same time, predicted the launch of impressionism. Both pictures are united by common subject of female nudeness that, however, does not attract the eyes of the viewer, but service as the main means to express the main ideas of the pictures. Thus, the first picture under consideration is Edouard Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe (1863). This picture is considered to be one of the most famous and the most influential picture of the 19th centuries. It was created on the border of two great artistic movements, realism and impressionism. Thus, it has features of both periods. On the one hand, it depicts a realistic life-scene, on the other hand, a nude woman is an i nappropriate â€Å"figure† in a life-scene picture. The influence of the realistic movement is seen in its style and theme. However, the impressionistic manner is seen in the picture as well. First of all, it can be seen through the usage of colors and unique brushwork that was later adopted by impressionists. The picture demonstrates controversy that â€Å"was caused by the juxtaposition of a nude woman with a pair of clothed men seated in a landscape† (Rothwell 7). The theme and painting techniques used by the artist were inspired by old masters, such as Marcantonio Raimond and his picture The Judgement of Paris, and such paintings of the Renaissance period as Titian and Giorgione. There is much in common with the painting Pastoral Concert that also depicts two dressed men and two nude women. In general, it can be said that the artist combined two genres in his picture, landscape and portraiture: â€Å"His aim for the work seems to have been to combine the natural, pastoral setting – favored by the Barbizon painters in their own paintings of Fontainebleau – with a study of everyday, life-size people interacting with one another. In other words, he is fusing the genres of landscape and portraiture and placing the subject of modern life on a heroic scale† (â€Å"Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe† n. p.).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It demonstrates the artist’s own style of painting. The picture provoked much debate regarding its composition and the use of light. The artist painted the scene that is not understandable for the viewer. Two men dressed as dendi seem to be communicating, however, one of them is ignoring the other one, as well as women in the picture. In addition, the artist used the light and shadow so that attract attention to the figures of women: they are very bright comparing t o the figures of men and surrounding landscape. The baskets and fruit that should be their lunch are tossed aside and nobody pays attention to them at all. A nude woman in the front of the picture is looking at us. She is not ashamed and absolutely calm. It seems that all people in the picture are engaged in their personal business and do not care about the others. What is particular about the picture is that the female nudity is not emphasized: â€Å"In Manet’s Le Dejeuner sur L’herb, the female nudity appears unnoticed, and a kind of immobility reigns. Manet paints his nude woman in such a way that the eyes of the viewer are riveted to her gaze and figure† (Locke 37). As opposed to the picture by Manet, Nymphs and Satyr by William-Adolphe Bouguereau is very different in style from other works by the author. The picture was created in 1873, ten years later than the work by Manet, on the edge of impressionism. The picture represents the academic art. Academic ar t focused on specific painting rules and techniques that were influenced by Neoclassical and Romantic traditions. Academic art was aimed at uniting those styles. The artists focused on the use of light and lines as the same things. The hierarchy of genres was adopted by academic art, and thus, such genres as religious and mythological were considered to be â€Å"grade genre†. Major emphasis was made on the â€Å"female human body†. The painting by Bouguereau Nymphs and Satyr: â€Å"Presents both the best and the worst of Academic art. It portrays a subject inspired by classical mythology with precise realism, meticulous details, and feigned emotion. Such content, along with its practice execution, was diametrically opposed to the work of artists poised at the birth of modern art† (Fichner-Rathus 281). The picture seems to depict mythical personages that are having fun. However, looking more closely at the painting, we can notice that there is a sort of a â€Å" battle† on the bank of the river. The nymphs are standing firmly on the ground and they are playing with the Satyr, who is trying to resists the nymphs’ attempts to drag him into the river. Thus, the nymphs are in charge in this picture. According to Lafenestre:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"A glossy, creamy, waxy painting where one guesses at all kinds of ingenuities, where one finds the art of composition, well-ordered groups, motion, wit, and great suppleness of drawing, but which is cold in essence, empty and leaving but a faint impression on the mind.† (492). It is the main feature of the Bouguereau’s painting. It depicts a mythical scene, interpretation of the Classical subject, and emphasizes the nudity of the female body. The artist depicted an idealize d world while using the realistic style that was popular at the time. In this regard, the image exemplifies the artist’s style and the movement it represents. Both pictures feature formal differences. Thus, the painting techniques and the usage of colors are different. The subjects of the pictures are also different, Manet depicted modern-life subject and William-Adolphe Bouguereau interpreted Classical theme. However, both pictures depict female nude body. Both authors tried to be realistic in presenting human body and motion. Both pictures seem to be â€Å"alive†. In addition, the authors used the play of light and line to mark out the lines of female figures. Thus, women are more â€Å"bright† and attract the viewers’ eyes, at the same time, male figures are in shadow. Finally, both authors used rural scenery for their paintings. The pictures represent different movements (they are separated by ten years) and different styles, however, they are united by a common subject, female nude body that was common for the period. Both pictures provide an insight into the à ©poque when they were created. Both of them were unique and were attacked by contemporaries. However, they serve a great example of how the artist can express personal ideas using style that is strikingly different from the author’s personal style. Both pictures were created on the border of two periods, romanticism and impressionism, they demonstrate painting techniques of both periods. Due to this particularity, the pictures made their creators popular. One can question the morality and ethics of the scenes depicted in both pictures, especially when they are painted so naturally without some â€Å"idolized manner† that was common for the period. It can be suggested that in both pictures, the nudity of female figures is a challenge to the dominance of the dressed men. The conscious and calm face of the woman in Manet’s picture that looks at us with out shame, and courage of nymphs in the William-Adolphe Bouguereau’s picture is the best evidence of this. The pictures present high interest to all interested in art of the 19th century, these are the most prominent works and widely accepted as masterpieces of the 19th century painting.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Fichner-Rathus, Lois. Foundations of Art and Design. London: Cengage Learning, 2011. Lafenestre, Georges. â€Å"Salon de 1873.† Gazette des Beaux-Arts 7.2 (1873). Locke, Nancy. Manet and the Family Romance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. â€Å"Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe.† Impressionism the Making of Modern Art. N. d. Web. Rothwell, Lindsay. â€Å"Dà ©jeuner sur l’herbe.† The Unknown Monet: Pastels and Drawings. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2007. Web. This essay on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr was written and submitted by user Silvermane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Assessment

According to the glossary in the class textbook assessment is, â€Å"the process of gathering information related to how much students have learned.† (Parkay and Stanford, 1998 p.477) The most commonly used form of assessment is the written test. Many variations of the written test exist. Some examples include the multiple-choice test, a.k.a. the multiple-guess test, the short response or â€Å"fill-in-the-blank† test and the essay test. While I feel that all of these methods can be useful, there is a dangerous tendency to rely on written tests alone or, even worse, on only one type of written test. In order to gain the most comprehensive picture of the amount of learning occurring for a given student, a number of additional factors should be taken into consideration. These include observation of classroom participation, verbal communication, and â€Å"hands-on† performance when applicable. It is by broadening the basis for assessment that we can hope to avoid the error of wrongly evaluating a student. Since assessment is only one step in a cycle of teaching and learning, changes made in the assessment process will also affect the other stages in the process. Decisions as to the nature of the instruction regarding whether to use lecture, demonstration, discussion, or debate will be changed in part due to the type of assessment to be used. Also, the results of assessments will be important in deciding on the next steps to be taken. In many instances, mastery of one skill is a prerequisite for learning the next. Thus, a new extension of a subject may be delayed while an earlier lesson is reviewed so that the student will have the tools necessary for the next stage. One concrete example of assessment from my own past experience involved testing of students at the Pathfinder school in Ft. Benning GA. The assigned task was to assist a lost aircraft in locating itself. The assessment consisted of having the student communicate via r... Free Essays on Assessment Free Essays on Assessment According to the glossary in the class textbook assessment is, â€Å"the process of gathering information related to how much students have learned.† (Parkay and Stanford, 1998 p.477) The most commonly used form of assessment is the written test. Many variations of the written test exist. Some examples include the multiple-choice test, a.k.a. the multiple-guess test, the short response or â€Å"fill-in-the-blank† test and the essay test. While I feel that all of these methods can be useful, there is a dangerous tendency to rely on written tests alone or, even worse, on only one type of written test. In order to gain the most comprehensive picture of the amount of learning occurring for a given student, a number of additional factors should be taken into consideration. These include observation of classroom participation, verbal communication, and â€Å"hands-on† performance when applicable. It is by broadening the basis for assessment that we can hope to avoid the error of wrongly evaluating a student. Since assessment is only one step in a cycle of teaching and learning, changes made in the assessment process will also affect the other stages in the process. Decisions as to the nature of the instruction regarding whether to use lecture, demonstration, discussion, or debate will be changed in part due to the type of assessment to be used. Also, the results of assessments will be important in deciding on the next steps to be taken. In many instances, mastery of one skill is a prerequisite for learning the next. Thus, a new extension of a subject may be delayed while an earlier lesson is reviewed so that the student will have the tools necessary for the next stage. One concrete example of assessment from my own past experience involved testing of students at the Pathfinder school in Ft. Benning GA. The assigned task was to assist a lost aircraft in locating itself. The assessment consisted of having the student communicate via r...

Evolution of the Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14500 words

Evolution of the Brain - Essay Example Arran Gare (2002) traces the key development of ecology to the tradition of plant geography of Herder and Goethe and most significantly to Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) who saw â€Å"nature as a process of becoming† and established the development of â€Å"anti-mechanistic naturalism† (p.135). Nature’s dynamic condition was already recognized. All forms of life were seen as â€Å"self-organizing† and interdependent with each other and their environment (p.135). This concept became prevalent in society even before Ernst Haeckel came up with the term â€Å"ecology† in 1866 (Allaby 2000, p. 13). The view of ‘underlying causal unity’ within the world also inspired the idea that energy is conserved by the transformation of nature (Kuhn, 1977) (qt. in Gare 2002, p. 135). Most significantly, Von Humboldt’s work inspired the further study of organisms by Darwin, Lyell, Agassiz, Thoreau and Edward Suess who coined the term â€Å"bio sphere† in 1875 (p.135). Allaby (2000) discussed that in the 18th and 19th century, development of ecology was influenced by the concept of ‘economy of nature’ based on evolution theory and ‘balance of nature’ derived from natural theology and German Romanticism. Charles Darwin in his 1859 book Origin of Species explained that â€Å"all of nature appears to be an orderly, well-regulated system of interactions among plants and animals and with their environment†. Darwin asserted that â€Å"the appearance of the organization was the result of a natural process of evolution based on a struggle for existence by each individual organism† (p.13). While according to natural theology, God â€Å"endowed all plants and animals with needs and the means to satisfy them as to guarantee that harmony among them would be preserved†. Nevertheless, the concept of â€Å"balance of nature† and its corresponding notion of static ecosystems is now considered by science as a ro mantic myth.

Clinical supervision and reflections on practice Essay

Clinical supervision and reflections on practice - Essay Example Reflections and Supervision: Caring for the sick and elderly Conclusion References Introduction Reflective strategies are used to enhance professional observation of the work experience with others and it enhances clinical supervision. Reflection is a process of generating meaning from experiences by considering actions taken with the aim of improving upon future decision-making (Jasper, 2003). Reflective strategies help in identifying gaps in knowledge, skills and learning needs. Reflective strategies also help in analysing communication and relationships with colleagues. Reflective strategies examine decisions taken and are essential in order to identify errors made during decision-making and steps to be avoided when making future decisions. One strategy which the author has used herself for reflection in her work place is clinical supervision. In the future, she would like to consider the use a reflective diary as well. The following discussion will be contextualized both in terms of relevant literature and postings in the MOODLE Discussion Forum by this author and various contributors commenting on the usefulness of a â€Å"reflective diary† and the value of â€Å"management and supervision† of the nursing practice. As the MOODLE postings show, practice may be perceived as benefiting from reflection and supervision. Not everyone agrees, however. Nevertheless, postings on this and the issue of supervision are a very useful way of entering on a discussion of their benefits. Reflections and Supervision: Caring for the sick and elderly â€Å"Reflective practice is associated with learning from experience and is viewed as an important strategy for health professionals who embrace life-long learning† (NHS Guidelines, 2006). Reflecting upon one’s work or practise as a nurse is thus essential (Nursing Standard, 2011; Jasper, 2003). When finding oneself in a difficult situation, one may benefit from stopping and taking time to reflect on what just transpired with the goal to learn from a past mistake in order to make amendments and adjustments to be able to do things differently next time (Johns, 1995). Reflecting upon one’s own position in a certain work process that typically involves a team that has to interact to produce a beneficial outcome, scrutinizing one’s own emotions and the way one often â€Å"balances† between the demands of biology and medicine and the needs of the sick one cares for as a nurse is fundamental to ensure â€Å"best practices† (Bowling, 2009). Keeping a â€Å"reflective journal† or a â€Å"reflective diary† are effective reflective techniques (Heath, 1998, pp. 592-598). Other useful reflective strategies include mentoring, clinical supervision, appraisals, handovers, meetings, group supervision. These means imply an evaluation of skills and enhance learning. The author of this essay has herself benefited from reflecting on her practice and various factual events when she was a student nurse, recording her private experiences, emotions, thoughts and views in a â€Å"reflective diary†. Once a qualified nurse, she abandoned the use of this important tool but has again come to realize its great benefit for nurses in always attending to the above-mentioned distinction and the uniqueness and humanity of each patient. â€Å"I have overlooked the reflective diary in my experience as a qualified nurse at junior level, even as a unit manager. I felt limited by it, and if one loses the diary all the data are lost. After doing the APEL module, my focus is totally different. From the 1st of Feb 20011 till my retirement I am determined to reflect on my practise, use a reflective diary and make a secure electronic copy of it† (â€Å"Reflective Diary†, this author, MOODLE Discussion Forum, 24 January 2011). There is wide agreement on the Forum on the usefulness of the diary (cf. Rolfe et al., 2001). One contributor note s that she qualified as a nurse a long while ago and not until

The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology Essay

The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology Essay The world is at the jaws of crisis in many sectors in the near future. One of the most important of them is the availability of timber. World is becoming more and more urbanized. There must be some sort of solution which can give some relief to the hunger towards the need of timber. We need to look for a solution which must have few characteristics such as A product which can substitute wood in the widest range of purposes of uses.. A product which doesnt have negative environmental impact or is eco-friendly.. A product which can be made in a rural environment to assist in reducing the pressure of urbanization in the current world. A product whose production scale must be such that it shouldnt displace the rural people from its reach. A product which is very much meaningful in the activity. Bamboo is definitely one such solution we got for the near future. Bamboo products can substitute wood-based products in a very wide range. The cultivation and maintenance of bamboo is very easy in comparison with wood. Bamboo can be grown as clumps in most soils and is very cheaper which makes it a feasible material for poor people and in rural regions. More and more people can be involved in this process to make them aware of the possibilities with bamboo. Bamboo based industries must be encouraged by maximum villager involvement as it even requires very low capital. Bamboo based industries can therefore provide the time and space for evolutionary development of the rural economy. 1.2 THE PROBLEMS (1) The world produces 3.5 billion tons of wood from roughly 3.5 billion hectares of forest. Approximately half of that is used as firewood. In the developed world, less than one billion people consume an average of approximately 1 ton per capita per year, hardly any of it as firewood. The richer the country, the higher this amount (in the USA it is 2.3 tonnes). Thus, in the poorer parts of the world, people consume far more firewood than industrial wood (by a factor of at least three to one). The overall objective of world development is that standards of living should rise. At the present, Chinas annual per capita wood consumption is only 0.16 m3 much lower than the global average of 0.65 cubic meters (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will the developing world start to consume wood in a manner similar to the developed world as it becomes richer. The evidence is not clear but South Korea has seen a quadrupling of its per capita consumption between 1950 and 1990. Although Chinas per cap ita lumber consumption remains much lower than the global average, its demand for lumber has increased drastically over the last few years, while its supply has remained steady or decreased slightly (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will new technology (email and Internet) reduce the amount of paper used? Again the evidence is not clear but there seems to be no strong trend as yet. The consequences for world wood consumption are therefore very serious if rising standards of living lead to an accelerated usage of wood products [10]. If the world population (six billion now trending towards eight billion in 25 years time) moved to consume wood in a pattern similar to the more developed countries (e.g. 1 m3 / capita in Germany [11]) the consumption of industrial wood (excluding firewood) would need to at least quadruple (as it did in South Korea). It is unlikely that the wood currently consumed as firewood could assist much, for well-known technical reasons (it is often dead wood, small si zed and sparsely distributed). (2) The area of forest is being reduced by continuing deforestation. This is compounded by a growing consciousness that forests have values over and above their timber value (for carbon retention mature forests may not actually sequester extra carbon-for biodiversity shelter and for soil, water and air quality values). Thus the supply of timber-producing forest is decreasing, through preservation, in such diverse economies as the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India and China. (3) In the last two centuries, improving standards of living have been preceded by large increases in population and increasing urbanization. It is paradoxical that the population appears to increase rapidly before gains in living standards appear and that steeply rising population can threaten to cancel out those gains. Developing countries are following along the pattern first established in Britain 250 years ago but with some differences. The English population rose from 6 million in 1750 to 40 million in 1900 but would have increased to over 60 million were it not for the huge outward migration to the US, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Even with that safety valve, small villages like Birmingham increased from populations of only 4000 in 1680 to 400 000 in 1881, as people left the countryside for the towns. They had little choice. There was not enough free land in the countryside for farming. Living conditions for most of the population in these cities were very poor and their working conditions dehumanized. Todays developing countries do not have the possibilities of overseas migration; they face the same pressures towards urbanization but do not wish to reinvent the dark satanic mills of the 18th and 19th century. It would be good if sufficient employment could be found in a rural environment to reduce the pressure towards urbanization. (4) Studies in both the developed economies and the developing economies have come to the conclusion that people work best in small to medium size firms/enterprises where they can see the impact of their own efforts and where they feel that they can have an effect on decision-making. These conclusions find their expression in the general concept of participation. -IAN R.HUNTER, 2002, Bamboo and Rattan, Vol. 1, No.2, pp.101-103, Available at: www.vsppub.com Its not like bamboo can be the only solution for all these issues outlined above but experiences in few places indicate that bamboo can make some meaningful contribution. 2.1Bamboo as a wood substitute The bamboo culm, reduced to its finest parts, is an excellent industrial fiber. As such it has been shown, both in the laboratory and in practice, to be an excellent substitute for wood fiber in such things as paper, medium density fiber board and veneer. There are very few technical difficulties in utilizing normal wood-working machinery to work with bamboo. One difference that does need to be accommodated is the higher silica content of bamboo which can dull cutting edges. With good physical and mechanical properties, low shrinkage and average density of 0.7 g/cm3, bamboo is well suited to replace wood in several applications, especially in panel form. Bamboo mat board and bamboo strip board have been exploited on an industrial scale, and products marketed for various end uses such as flooring, roofing, and other housing components, furniture, packing cases, etc. At present, in China, over 1,000,000 m3 of panels of various types are produced annually in some 200 mills, whereas in India, industrial-scale production of panels is confined to bamboo mat board with about 2000 m3 board by seven mills. The global use of paper is reported to be increased by 5% annually. Today, Asia, and mainly India and China, make the most use of bamboo for pulp and paper. India uses about 3 million tons of bamboo per year in pulp manufacture and China about 1 million tons, and both are set to increase their use of bamboo for paper pulp manufacture (China targets 5 million tons per year). Bamboo pulp is also processed into incense paper in the Philippines for export. Brazil is presently the only American country that uses bamboo for making cellulose and paper. However, bamboo has certain characteristics that are superior. It has a high surface hardness such that laminated bamboo flooring is equal in wear to the hardest American hardwoods. Many of the products made from bamboo can be and are made in small factories with very limited capital requirements; hence these factories can be distributed around the country-side close to their raw material. Bamboo also has a unique role to play in constructing strong light-weight houses. It has been known for a long time that light weight timber frame construction houses offer the greatest safety against earthquakes and also greater safety on earth slips. Lightweight timber framing housing is the norm in New Zealand. In 1987, the small town of Edgecombe in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand was shattered by force 7 earthquakes. The force of the earthquake was sufficient to tip a railway engine on its side. Yet no-one was killed and all of the houses remained standing. There are two technologies utilizing bamboo that can be adapted to provide similar kinds of houses. In one, bamboo poles can be used in a similar way to timber studs to provide a similar space-frame construction. Work needs to be done improving the joins before the result is as strong as a timber frame house. In the other, a bamboo frame or hurdle can be woven out of split bamboo and plastered on either s ide. The bamboo hurdle effectively reinforces the concrete plastering. This second style of building produces a result which is more culturally familiar in many countries and possibly therefore more acceptable. 2.2 Properties of Bamboo: 2.2.1 Tensile strength: The bamboo fibers run axially. outer zone constitute of highly elastic vascular bundles, which have a high tensile strength. The tensile strength of these fibers is higher than that of steel, but to construct connects which can transfer load axially is merely impossible. 2.2.2 Shrinking: Bamboos shrinks a lot more tan wood when it loses whole of its water. Nodes are very vulnerable during this shrinking. Bamboo shrinks in the cross section 10 to 15% 2.2.3 Fire resistance: Due to the presence of the high content of silicate acid it offers a very good resistance towards fire.. Filled up with water, it can stand a temperature of 400 ° C while the water cooks inside. 2.2.4 Elasticity: Bamboos enormous elasticity makes it a very good building material in earthquake prone zones. Its is very light in weight and can be easily worked on. -Bamboo as a building material, 2002, available @ www.bambusnewengreportsbuildingmaterialbuildingmaterial.html 2.3 Bamboo for construction: There is a substantial role of bamboo in the construction field as it grows naturally, it has strength, flexibility and versatility and is very suitable material in every part of a house when treated and is used properly. Not only there are technical advantages with bamboo but it is very economical as it is a local product in many places of the country and is amongst the cheapest materials available. Recently there are hikes in the prices of bamboo but with proper cultivation and increased production these inflations in the fields of bamboo can be handled. Cultivating of bamboo properly gives high yields. Moreover bamboo can replace usage of timber in many areas. It can contribute towards the solution for the deforestation which is a very major concern in the world. 2.3.1 Roofing: Bamboo shingles whose lengths are almost as long as rafters. The bamboo canes are first halved along their diaphragms and are bisected. Then they are threaded as alternative facing units and are tied. They are held in the supports by their own weight. 2.3.2 Trusses Fabrication of roof trusses is about the most promising use of bamboos. Literally, any span of truss is possible, and as indicated in Section 5, a Fink truss of about 8.5m span can be carried by three workmen and installed by about 5 workmen. The property of lightweight with strength and stiffness is manifested here. Also, substantial savings in the non-use of heavy lifting equipment. (ii) Scaffolding (iii) Disaster Mitigation The lightness of bamboo, wide availability and possibility of building shelter from modular units lends it for use for post-disaster shelter. A project is in the offing by the UNHCR where temporary shelters are fabricated from A-shaped bamboo support frames with horizontal members at the apex and at mid-heights of the A-frame. A water-proof sheet is draped over this frame for cover. 2.3.3 Bridges Bridges attempted consist of: (a) Footbridges: Simple cross-braced frames with the walkway formed at the crutch. Culms of 50-75mm diameter are bound by bamboo lashings. They are suited to rivers with muddy or sandy bottoms where the height above bed does not exceed 5m. A typical crossing might be 20m long. (b) Handcart Bridge: The construction is more elaborate with abutments and pilings. The abutments are formed from pairs of culms staked to the ground. A pair of horizontal culms forms the pile cap and diagonal braces stabilize the assembly. To form the roadway, three longitudinal bamboo beams of 100mm Ø are lashed to the caps and tied together at the center of each bay with a cross-member. 22.3.4 Scaffoldings Bamboo can be used for the construction of safe scaffoldings for very tall buildings because of the favorable relationship between the load-bearing capacity and weight. Bamboo has been used for centuries as scaffolding in Asian countries and, despite competition with many metal scaffolding systems, remains one of the most preferred system in both China and Hong Kong (Fu, 1993). Owing to its high adaptability and low construction cost, it can be constructed to any layout to follow various irregular architectural features of a building within a relatively short period of time (Chung, et al., 2003). They are used in construction sites to provide temporary access, working platforms for construction workers and supervisory staff, and to prevent construction debris from falling on passers-by. In Hong Kong, they are used as Single Layered Bamboo Scaffolds (SLBS) for light work and Double Layered Bamboo Scaffords (DLBS) for heavy work (Chung and Sin, 2002). Bamboo scaffolding, like any other, must possess integrity and must be laterally stable. The foregoing is ensured by the provision of bracing. The bracing is by two pieces of bamboo fixed in an X shape and at an angle of 60o-70o over the section of bamboo to be braced. For multi-storey structures it is required to tie the scaffolding to the building often through 6mm dia mild steel bars (putlogs) pre-fixed to concrete at every floor. A prop is also required between the building and the scaffolding to prevent the leaning of the scaffolding towards the building. The canes are not treated even at their connections and only lashed joints are used. The cane extension is carried out by lashing the cane ends together by using several ties. The ties are arranged in such that force acting vertically downwards wedges the nodes in the lashing. By tightening the ropes between the canes the friction can be increased to the maximum. The vertical and horizontal canes used for scaffolding are joined using soft lashing. This technique has a great advantage that the joints can be tensioned to the right degree without difficulty and even released quickly. -Dunkelberg, Klaus: Bamboo as a building material, in: IL31 Bambus, Karl Krà ¤mer Verlag Stuttgart 1992. 3.1 Mechanical and Structural Properties Bamboo, being a circular, hollow structure has certain mechanical and structural advantages and disadvantages as compared to a rectangular solid timber of the same cross-section. These advantages/disadvantages are, in other instances, complemented or accentuated by the cellulose fiber make-up of the bamboo. These comparative analyses are tabulated in Table 1.0. Some rules of thumb for the relationship between the mass per volume of bamboo and some mechanical properties have been derived by INBAR and Janseen (1991). These are given in Table 2.0. Also, various tests for strength and mechanical properties and design rules have been put forward by INBAR (ISO-22156, 22157, ISO/DTR-23157.2). Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular Lumber (Janssen, 2001) Table 1.0: Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular Lumber (Janssen, 2001) Property Bamboo Rectangular Lumber Assumptions 1. Moment of Inertia, I I = 0.40A2 I = 0.16A2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For most bamboos, d = internal diameter = 0.82D à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For timber, mostly h = 2 x b 2. Optimum Material Use, EI 4900A2 2240A2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cellulose = 70,000N/mm2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ E fiber = 35,000N/mm2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 50% of cross- section of fiber is cellulose. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Eà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 350x% of fibers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In bamboos, fiber is 60% on outside and 10% on inside, hence E outside = 35060 = 21,000N/mm2 and E inside = 35010 = 3500N/mm2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Edahoma = 14,000N/mm2 Bending à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compression stress during bending may result in transverse strain in fibers of top face of culm. Lignin in fibres is weak in strain. Coherence in cross- section is lost and EI drops dramatically. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If load removed culm returns to original straight form. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timber will not regain original length when load is removed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poisson coefficient for bamboo = 0.3. 4. Shear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shear in neutral layer = 1.3x shear for timber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smaller thickness to resist shear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Larger forces on bolt fasteners at joints. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantage of not having a ray structure is nullified by hollow nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Larger thickness to resist shear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Has rays. Rays are mechanically weak. Hence, timber material is weaker in shear than bamboo material. 5. Torsion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Better torsional resistance due to circular shape. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poorer torsional resistance because of sharp corners. Table 1.0 (Contd) Property Bamboo Rectangular Lumber Assumptions 6. Wind Resistance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bending stress due to wind is constant over height of culm. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ At top (near skin) vessels decrease and cellulose replaces vessels, leading to increase resistance to bending stress. 7. 8. Compression Density à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Because of hollow nature and thus greater distance of solid mass from center, longitudinal shortening is greater and thus greater the likelihood of lateral strain in lignin. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Friction due to clamping at top and bottom of culm reduces lateral strain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Amount of lignin deter- mines compressive strength not cellulose. 700 800kg/m3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solid nature makes for better compression resistance and reduced lateral strain. 850kg/m3 Table 2.0: Rules of Thumb Factors for Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Air-dry bamboo Bending Compression Shear E 0.14 0.094 0.021 24 Green bamboo 0.11 0.075 Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Factor x mass/volume (in kg/m3) 1 Allowable stress à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  7 x Ultimate stress JANSSEN, J.J.A., 2000. Designing and Building with Bamboo. INBAR Technical Report No.20, page no. 18-23 3.2 Earthquake Resistance Bamboo, being lightweight and hollow, makes it naturally highly resistant to earthquake (because it has high stiffness in relation to its weight). That, it does not shatter at failure means that when the earthquake is over the building can be left standing with relatively minor damage; providing shelter whiles the damage is being repaired. In a 7.5 magnitude earthquake in April, 1961, in Costa Rica, 20 bamboo houses were left standing near the epicenter (Janssen, 2000). 4.1 Problems related to Bamboo. 4.1.1 Structure The available bamboo tends not to be very straight, have variable diameters, culm thickness and show marked tapering. These attributes have a costly effect on preliminary attempts at construction in bamboo, as will be indicated later. 4.1.2 Insect and Fungi Attack More than anything else, the problem with bamboo is pest and fungi attack. Insect attack is through the relatively softer tissues in the inside wall of the cavity wall and at the budding points in the nodes. Fungi attack is severe when the bamboo is exposed to damp conditions. Various methods exist for prevention of these attacks (Jayanetti and Follet, 1998). They range from the sophisticated modified Boucherie process, through immersion in a boric acid/borax mixture in water, injection and painting with creosote, to hanging in a flowing stream immediately after harvesting for at least a week for the sugary ingredients to be washed out. Traditional preservation methods also exist such as curing, smoking and lime-washing. The real effects of such traditional methods are not known since they have not been documented and quantified. 4.1.3 Fire risk 4.1.4 No standardisation possible: no 2 culms are alike 4.1.5Maintenance 4.1.6Difficulty of making the junctions of the culms 4.1.7 No construction skills with bamboo culms in non-bamboo available countries 4.2 Measures to be taken 4.2.1Treatment of the surface For small parts this information about bleaching and dyeing are determined for kite-constructions. though it can ´t support enough weight. Bleaching and dyeing possibly can change the structure of the bamboo that far, nevertheless these methods should be introduced. 4.2.2 Bleaching: For removing traces of resin or wax bleaching in hydrogen peroxide can be done. The bamboo will get perished if it stays long. 4.2.3 Dyeing: There are different traditional styles of bleaching in different countries. In principle: 1. The color can ´t penetrate into the bamboo if at all the wax is removed. 2. The color will become more regular if it is bleached before dying. 3. Fix the color in a solution of vinegar after dying. 4.2.4 Other methods: In Japan, the surface will be peeled off, hydrochloride acid is put on the bamboo and the canes are put in an oven. The canes get a brown color. treating the canes with copper sulfate will give a green color to the bamboo and protects it from mold. These methods only dye the surface of the bamboo. To get a through and through dyeing, the bamboo can be carbonized. The bamboo is put into a boiler and is incubated with a pressure of 5 kg/cm ³ and a temperature of 150 ° C for 20-30 min. After that, the bamboo will be brown through and through. -K. A. Solomon-Ayeh,USE OF BAMBOO FOR BUILDINGS, Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI), page no 5-7